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Hicksville, NY
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Home
CSW Video - Celebrating Our Catholic Schools
I Am New
About Us
Welcome
Mission Statement
Principal's Message
Registration
Contact Us
Programs
Afterschool Activities
Early Childhood
Extended Care
Sports
Resources
Nurse/Health Office
Photo Albums
Policies
Tomorrow's Hope Foundation
Parents
Parent Association
Information
Forms & Links
Volunteer Information
School Spirit
Resources
PowerSchool Parent Portal
Cafeteria
Forms/Documents
Wednesday Folder
Summer Reading Lists
Supply Lists
Directory
Who We Are
Administration
Faculty & Staff
Holy Family Parish
Diocese of Rockville
Education Department
Nassau Elementary Schools
Suffolk County Elementary Schools
Diocesan High Schools
Show All
Class Pages
Early Childhood
Nursery
Mrs. DeVito
Pre-K
Mrs. Buckley
Pre-K
Mrs. Fagan
Pre-K
Mrs. Tota
Kindergarten
Mrs. Scannell
Elementary
1st Grade
Ms. Lyons
2nd Grade
Mrs. Keenan
2nd Grade
Ms. Alessi
3rd Grade
Mrs. Schiraldi
4th Grade
Ms. Checkers
5th Grade
Mrs. Aceste & Mrs. Tennant
6th Grade
Ms. Murray & Mrs. Puzo
Middle School
7th Grade
8th Grade
Specials
Art
K to 6th Grade
Art 7th & 8th & Spanish
Computer Technology
Music N-8
Physical Education
Guidance
Mrs. Calle
Photos & More!
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Events & News
Calendar
News
Social Studies Test
8th Grade
Thursday
,
September
19
,
2019
Chapter 20 Section 1- The New Immigrants
A Flood of Immigrants
Before 1865, mostly from northern and western Europe
Protestant
Spoke English
More immigrants started coming after the Civil War
New Immigration
“New” immigrants started coming in the mid-1880s
Southern and eastern Europe (Greeks, Russians, Hungarians, Italians, Turks, Poles)
Many Catholics and Jews
Few spoke English
Clustered in urban neighborhoods made up of people from the same nationality
“Old” immigrants started to decrease
Immigration from Mexico, China, and Japan increased after 1900
Difficulty blending into American society
Leaving Troubles Behind
Economic troubles
Overcrowding, poverty, scarce jobs
Not enough land for farmers
Crop failures
New machines put people out of work
Persecution
Some countries had laws and policies against certain ethnic groups (Jews in Russia for example)
Seeking Opportunity
Jobs, affordable land, opportunity for a better life
The Journey to America
12 days across the Atlantic or several weeks across the Pacific
Usually traveled in steerage (cramped, noisy quarters on the lower decks)
The Statue of Liberty
Most European immigrants arrived in New York City
Statue of Liberty was a gift from France
Emma Lazarus’s poem welcomed immigrants
Entering America
Immigrants had to register at government reception centers
Ellis Island in New York Harbor
Angel Island in San Francisco Bay
Examiners asked questions and gave health examinations
Finding Work
Some immigrants had been recruited to be unskilled workers (unloading cargo, digging ditches, etc.)
Fast-growing industries hired many immigrants (steel)
Might work 12 hours per day, seven days per week
Sweatshops in the garment industry
Repetitious and hazardous work, low pay, long hours
Adjusting to America
Immigrants tried to preserve some aspects of their own cultures
Most wanted to assimilate (become part of American culture)
Immigrant parents often spoke their native languages
Children spoke English and their native language
Women had more freedom in America
Building Communities
Most immigrants were from rural areas
Often settled in industrial cities
Relatives helped new immigrants
People from the same ethnic group formed neighborhoods
Houses of worship built
Priests and rabbis were often community leaders
Newspapers in native languages
Nativist Movement
Some Americans worried immigrants would take away jobs and/or drive down wages
Ethnic, religious, and racial differences created tension
Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment, other problems
Nativist movement opposed immigration since the 1830s
Gained strength in the late 1800s
New Immigration Laws
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
First law to limit immigration
Prohibited Chinese workers from entering the US for 10 years
Extended by Congress in 1892 and 1902
“Gentleman’s agreement” with Japan (1907)
Limited Japanese immigration
Americans pledged fair treatment for Japanese Americans already here
Tax on immigrants (1882)
Criminals barred from entering (1882)
Immigration Act of 1917 included a literacy requirement
Support for Immigrants
Grace Abbott and Julia Clifford Lathrop helped found the Immigrants’ Protective League
Immigrants’ Contributions
Provided workers that helped create economic growth
Shaped American life
Major religious groups
Customs, culture, language, literature
Transformed cities
Section 2- Moving to the City
Growth of Cities
1870: 25% of Americans lived in cities
1910: almost 50% lived in cities
US was changing from a rural to an urban nation
Immigrants and their children made up 80% of the population or more in some cities
Machines reduced the need for farm-workers
African Americans moved to cities
Escaping poverty and discrimination
Looking for jobs
Transportation and Resources
Trains carried people to cities and raw materials for industry
Chicago and Kansas City became meatpacking centers
Iron ore and coal made Pittsburgh a center for iron and steel manufacturing
Trade and immigration led to the development of New York and San Francisco (seaports)
Tenement Living
Too many people in cities, not enough housing
Poor people lived in tenements (small, dark rooms with many people) in the slums
Middle Class Comfort
Growing middle class in cities
Doctors, lawyers, ministers, managers, office clerks
Improvements in transportation led to the growth of suburbs
Houses with hot water, indoor toilets, and electricity
The Gilded Age
Wealthy people built large mansions and estates
Lives of luxury
Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner published
The Gilded Age
in 1873
Extravagant wealth with terrible poverty underneath
Cities in Crisis
Overcrowding created sanitation and health problems
Diseases spread rapidly
Fires were a problem
Chicago fire of 1870 destroyed 18,000 buildings and 100,000 people lost their homes
Health and Crime Problems
Chicago: babies often died of whooping cough, diphtheria, or measles
New York: tuberculosis “lung block”
New York’s solutions
Schoolchildren screened for contagious diseases
Visiting nurses provided to mothers with young children
Public health clinics for the poor
Poverty in cities led to crime
Seeking Solutions
Religious groups aided the poor in orphanages, prisons, and hospitals
YMCA and YWCA
Settlement houses provided medical care, playgrounds, nurseries, libraries, and classes in poor neighborhoods
Hull House founded in Chicago by Jane Addams in 1889
Building Up—Not Out
Iron and the safety elevator made taller buildings possible
William LeBaron Jenney built the first skyscraper in Chicago in 1884
Woolworth Building in New York completed in 1913 (Cathedral of Commerce)
New Designs
“City Beautiful” movement
Frederick Law Olmstead designed New York’s Central Park
Chicago World’s Fair (1892-1893) showcased American architecture
New Forms of Transportation
Streetcars pulled by horses were slow and left manure
Cable-car lines in San Francisco in 1873
Trolley car in Richmond, Virginia in 1888
Subway in Boston (1897) and New York (1904)
Asphalt used to pave streets
Building Bridges
Steel bridges linked sections of cities
Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River in St. Louis (1874)
Brooklyn Bridge connected Manhattan and Brooklyn (1884)
Suburbs developed along train or trolley lines
Section 3- A Changing Culture
Expanding Education
1865: Most Americans had attended school for an average of four years
1914: Most states required at least some schooling
80% of children 5-17 in school
Public Schools
100 public high schools in 1860, 6,000 in 1900, 12,000 in 1914
Many teenagers still didn’t go to school
Majority of high school students were girls
Boys often worked to help their families
African Americans in the South received little or no education
Segregated schools
Progressive Education
New philosophy of education that emerged around 1900
Wanted to shape students’ characters and teach them good citizenship
Hands-on learning activities
John Dewey criticized schools for overemphasizing memorization
Learning should be related to the interests, problems, and concerns of students
Higher Education
Morrill Act (1862) gave states land that could be sold to raise money for education
Land-grant colleges started
Wealthy people established and supported colleges (Cornell and Stanford for example)
Women and Higher Education
Most colleges didn’t admit women in 1865
Land-grant schools did
Women’s colleges founded in the late 1800s (Vassar, Smith, Wellesly, Bryn Mawr)
Almost 40% of college students were women by 1910
Minorities and Higher Education
New colleges provided higher education for African Americans and Native Americans (Hampton Institute and Howard University for example)
Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881
Trained teachers and provided practical education for African Americans
George Washington Carver was part of the Tuskegee faculty
Developed hundreds of products from the peanut
Schools for Native Americans
Reservation and boarding schools trained Native Americans for jobs in industry
Isolated Native Americans from their tribal traditions
Public Libraries
Andrew Carnegie offered to build libraries in cities in 1881
Donated $30 million to found more than 2,000 libraries throughout the world
Every state established free public libraries
Spreading the News
Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York
World
in 1883
Used illustrations, cartoons, sensational stories, huge headlines
Yellow journalism- writing which exaggerates sensational, dramatic, and gruesome events to attract readers
Used by William Randolph Hearst’s New York
Morning Journal
Ethnic and minority newspapers thrived
Number of magazines rose quickly from 1865-1900
Changes in Literature
Writers sought to describe the lives of people (realism) and/or focused on a particular region of the country (regionalism)
Mark Twain wrote about life along the Mississippi River (
Huckleberry Finn
and
Tom Sawyer
)
Stephen Crane- city slums and the Civil War (
The Red Badge of Courage
)
Jack London- lives of miners and hunters in the far Northwest
Paul Laurence Dunbar- poetry and novels that used the dialects and folktales of Southern African Americans
Paperback books were cheap and got more people to read
Horatio Alger- young adult books
Wrote about hard work and honesty bringing success
American Artists
American painters pursued realist themes
Thomas Eakins- human anatomy and surgical operations
Henry Tanner- African American families in the South
Frederic Remington- American West
Winslow Homer- Southern farmers, Adirondack campers, stormy seas
James Whistler- “
Whistler’s Mother
”
Mary Cassatt- Impressionist
Music in America
John Philip Sousa- “The Stars and Stripes Forever”
African American musicians in New Orleans developed Jazz in the late 1800s
Scott Joplin- ragtime composer
Symphony orchestras in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia
Leisure Time
Middle class people and some factory workers had more leisure time
Sports
Baseball became the most popular sport in America
First World Series in 1903
College football became popular by the 1890s
Notre Dame’s first football game in 1887
Basketball invented by Dr. James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts in the 1890s
Tennis and golf- popular among the wealthy
“Safety” bicycle made bicycling more popular
Theaters in large cities
Vaudeville shows- variety shows with dancing, singing, comedy, and magic
About 80 traveling circuses in 1910
Thomas Edison invented “moving pictures” in the 1880s
“Movies” in nickelodeons were the beginning of the film industry