Chapter 11- Growth and Expansion (1790-1840)
Lesson 1- A Growing Economy
Industrial Growth

• Most Americans lived and worked on farms in colonial times
• British inventors built machinery to use to make cloth
  • Ran on waterpower
    • Mills built along rivers
• People began working in mills and getting paid wages

 
The Industrial Revolution in the United States

• Industrial Revolution- started in Britain and reached the US around 1800
• Farming was difficult in New England
  • People left farms to find other work
  • Many rushing rivers and streams provided waterpower for factories
  • Many ports for shipping

 
New Inventions

• Technology- equipment that makes use of advanced knowledge and skill to solve a problem or do a task
  • Spinning jenny and water frame spun thread
  • Power loom wove thread into cloth
    • Saved time and money in making cloth
  • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin (a machine that removes seeds from cotton fiber) in 1793
    • Huge increase in cotton production
  • Eli Whitney used interchangeable parts (parts of a machine or device that can be replaced by another, identical part) to make muskets
    • Unskilled workers could quickly assemble muskets

 
The Rise of Factories

• Congress passed a patent law in 1790 to protect the rights of inventors
  • Patent- givens an inventor the sole legal right to make money from an invention for a certain period of time
  • British wanted to protect their inventions
• Samuel Slater memorized the design of machines used in the factory where he worked
  • Built copies of the machines in the US
• Francis Cabot Lowell improved on Slater’s mill in 1814
• Factory system- all manufacturing steps are combined in one place

 
Free Enterprise

• Capitalism- economic system in which people and companies own the means of production
  • Economic system of the United States
  • People control capital (includes the buildings, land, machines, money, and other items used to create wealth)
• Free enterprise- people are free to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want
  • People can work wherever they wish
  • Economic freedom, profit, private property, and competition
  • Businesses compete for customers with low prices and high quality

 
Agriculture Grows

• Most Americans still lived and worked on farms
• Northeast farms were small
• Many Western farmers raised pork and cash crops (corn and wheat)
• Cotton production increased in the South
  • Demand for cotton had grown
  • Cotton gin allowed farmers to grow more cotton
  • Slaves planted, tended, and picked cotton
  • Farmers seeking new land moved west to plant cotton
  • Huge demand for slaves to grow cotton

 
Economic Independence

• Small investors provided money for new businesses
  • Invested in hopes of earning profits
  • Low taxes, few government regulations, and competition encouraged investment

 
Growth of Corporations

• Corporations (businesses that can have many owners) began to develop in the 1830s
  • Sell stock (shares of ownership in a company) to raise money
  • Helped drive industrialization

 
Cities Grow Up

• Growth of factories and trade led to the growth of towns and cities
  • Cities developed along rivers
    • Older cities (New York, Boston, Baltimore) grew as centers of commerce and trade
    • Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville were on major rivers
    • Farmers shipped products by water
• Buildings made of wood or brick
• Unpaved streets
• Animals roamed freely
• No sewers
  • Led to diseases (cholera and yellow fever)
• Fire was a threat
  • Few cities had organized fire companies
• Cities had a variety of jobs and steady wages
• Cities added libraries, museums, and shops

 
Lesson 2- Moving West
Headed West

• First census (official count of population) in 1790
  • Nearly four million people
  • Most Americans lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean
• More people began moving west

 
Daniel Boone and the Wilderness Road

• Daniel Boone- explorer and early western pioneer
  • Explored a trail through the Appalachian Mountains (the Cumberland Gap) that led to Kentucky in 1769
    • Cleared rocks and cut down trees
    • Became known as the Wilderness Road
    • Main southern highway from the eastern states to the West

 
Building Roadways

• Private companies built turnpikes (toll roads)
  • Fees to use the roads paid for construction
  • Base of crushed stone
• “Corduroy roads” made of logs
• Ohio became a state in 1803 and asked the government to build a road to connect it with the East
  • Congress approved funds for a National Road in 1806
    • Opened in 1818
    • No other road-building projects

 
Traveling on Rivers

• River travel was more comfortable than roads
• Boats could carry larger loads of goods
• Most rivers in the east flowed north-south
• Traveling against the current was slow
• Steam engines first used on boats in the 1780s and 1790s
  • Not powerful enough for strong currents and winds

 
The Clermont’s First Voyage

• Robert Fulton’s steamboat, the Clermont, cut the trip from New York to Albany from four days to 32 hours in 1807
• Steamboats made shipping goods cheaper and faster
  • Contributed to growth of river cities (Cincinnati and St. Louis)

 
New Waterways

• Steamboat routes depended on the rivers
• New York planned to build a canal (an artificial waterway) connecting Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie

 
The Erie Canal

• 363 miles
• Series of locks (separate compartments where water levels were raised or lowered)
• More than eight years of hazardous work to build the canal
  • Many workers died
  • Opened on October 26, 1825

 
Canal Travel Expands

• No steamboats at first on the Erie Canal
  • Mules or horses hauled boats and barges
  • Canal banks reinforced in the 1840s to allow steam tugboats pulling barges
• More than 3,600 miles of canals in the US by 1850
  • Lowered shipping costs
  • Brought prosperity to towns along routes and helped unite the country
  • Linked different regions

 
The Move West Continues

• Four new states between 1791 and 1803 (Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio)
• Six new states between 1816 and 1821 (Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Maine and Missouri)
• Big growth west of the Appalachians
• Pioneer families settled along rivers
  • Canals allowed people to live farther away from rivers
• People usually settled with others from their home communities
• Social events (wrestling for men, quilting and sewing parties for women)
• Life in the West was more difficult than life in the East

 
Lesson 3- Unity and Sectionalism
National Unity

• Intense divisions replaced by a sense of unity after the War of 1812 (Era of Good Feelings)
  • James Monroe (Republican candidate) had almost no opposition in the election of 1816
    • Monroe represented a united America
• Federalist Party almost disappeared, but many of its programs gained support
  • Madison urged the federal government to guide the growth of trade and industry

 
Henry Clay’s American System

• Clay wanted to help the economy in each section of the country and increase the power of the federal government with his American System
  • Higher tariffs
  • New Bank of the United States
  • Internal improvements (building roads, bridges, and canals)
• Not all congressional leaders agreed with Clay
  • Not much money spent on internal improvements
  • Other parts of the American system became law

 
The Second Bank of the United States

• Charter for the first bank expired in 1811 and Congress let the bank die
• Madison signed a bill creating the Second Bank of the United States in 1816
• State banks had made too many loans and allowed too much money into circulation
  • Led to inflation
• No national bank meant the federal government didn’t have a safe place to keep its funds
  • The Second Bank restored order to the money supply
    • Helped American businesses grow

 
Competition From Britain

• British goods were higher quality and at lower prices than US goods
• British sent many goods to the US to keep American businesses from competing

 
New Tariffs

• Tariff of 1816 placed high taxes on imports to protect American industries
  • Encouraged Americans to buy cheaper American goods
• Higher tariffs in 1818 and 1824
  • Southerners thought the tariffs helped Northern manufacturers at their expense
    • Few factories in the South
    • Higher prices for goods

 
Growing Sectionalism

• Sectionalism- differences in the goals and interests of different parts of the country
  • Ended the Era of Good Feelings
• Three regions:
  • North- New England and the Mid-Atlantic states
  • South- now the Southeast
  • West- between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi river
  • Differences grew among the regions
• Henry Clay from Kentucky represented the West
• John C. Calhoun from South Carolina represented the South
• Daniel Webster from Massachusetts represented the North

 
Nationalism and the Supreme Court

• Supreme Court under Chief Justice backed the powers of the national government over the states
  • Fletcher v. Peck (1810)- courts could declare acts of a state government void if they violated the Constitution
  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- Maryland could not tax the Bank of the United States because it was property of the national government
    • Also said that the national bank was constitutional
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)- only Congress had the power to make laws governing interstate commerce (trade between states)
    • Ruled against New York, which had granted a monopoly (sole control of an industry) to a steamship operator running ships between New York and New Jersey

 
Missouri Statehood

• Missouri Territory asked to become a state in 1819
  • Settlers there wanted slavery to be legal
  • James Tallmadge proposed a plan for Missouri to gradually abolish slavery in order to be admitted to the Union
    • Passed in the House (more Northerners)
    • Blocked in the Senate (equal representation)
• 11 slave states and 11 free states at the time

 
The Missouri Compromise

• Suggested by Henry Clay
  • Missouri became a slave state
  • Maine became a free state
  • Slavery banned in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30’N, allowed south of the line

 
Foreign Affairs

• War of 1812 made Americans proud of their country
• Americans wanted to establish a new relationship with European countries

 
Relations With Britain

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)- US and Britain limited naval vessels on the Great Lakes
• Convention of 1818 set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the US and Canada at the 49^th parallel
  • Created a secure border without armed forces
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams negotiated the right of Americans to settle in the Oregon Country

 
Relations With Spain

• Spain owned East Florida and claimed West Florida
  • US said West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase
    • Took control of sections of West Florida in 1810 and 1812
• Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida in 1818
  • Ordered to stop Seminole raids on American territory from Florida
  • Seized two Spanish forts
    • John Quincy Adams hadn’t authorized Jackson’s actions, but he didn’t punish Jackson
• Jackson’s raid demonstrated the American military power to Spain
  • Adams believed the Spanish didn’t want war
• Adams-Onís Treaty signed in 1819
  • Spain ceded (gave up control of) East Florida and West Florida
  • Spain gave up claims to Oregon
  • US agreed to Spanish control of Texas

 
Spain Loses Power

• Father Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion in Mexico in 1810
  • Called for racial equality and redistribution of land
  • Spanish captured and executed Hidalgo
• Mexico became independent in 1821
• Simón Bolívar (“the Liberator”) led the independence movement in Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador
• José de San Martín achieved independence for Chile and Peru
• Spain lost most of South America by 1824

 
The Monroe Doctrine

• France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia discussed helping Spain regain its American colonies
  • James Monroe didn’t European involvement in the Americas
• Monroe Doctrine (1823):
  • US wouldn’t get involved in the internal affairs or wars in Europe
  • US would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas
  • North and South America were not open to future colonization
  • Became an important part of American foreign policy