Chapter 2
Section 1- A Changing World

• Western Europe was isolated after the fall of the Roman Empire
• Islam spread across the Middle East and Africa
• Europeans fought the Crusades to regain control of holy sites
  • Introduced Europeans to goods sold by Arab merchants (spices, sugar, silk, etc. from China and India)
• Marco Polo brought back goods from China
  • Inspired Christopher Columbus

The Growth of Trade

• Europeans wanted spices, perfumes, silks, and precious stones from the Orient
• Italian cities became centers of trade
• Arab merchants charged high prices
  • Europeans started looking for a different route to the East

 
The Growth of Ideas

• Banking and trade made Italian merchants wealthy
  • They began studying classical works (ancient Greece and Rome)
  • Translated ancient writings
  • Experimental approach to science
• The Renaissance- a period of intellectual and artistic creativity (rebirth)
  • Spread throughout much of Europe in the 1400s
  • Changed the way Europeans thought about themselves and the world
  • Led to an age of exploration and discovery

 
Powerful Nations Emerge

• Strong monarchs came to power in Spain, Portugal, England, and France
  • Wanted to increase trade to make their countries stronger and wealthier

Technology- the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Better Maps

• Early navigators had to use inaccurate maps
• Mapmakers used information to make more accurate land and sea maps
  • Showed ocean currents and lines of latitude
• Sailors also used the astrolabe to determine latitude
• Magnetic compass was invented in China and reached Europe in the 1200s

 
Better Ships

• Stern rudder and triangular sail taken from the Arabs
• Portuguese developed the caravel in the 1400s
  • Sailed faster and carried more cargo and supplies
• Portugal and Spain searched for sea routes to Asia
  • Portuguese sailors explored the west coast of Africa

 
African Kingdoms

• Africa had gold, copper, and iron ore
• Traded with Islamic societies
  • Ivory and metals for cotton, silk, and porcelain
• Traded slaves and gold to the Portuguese
• Ghana- west African trading empire from 400-1100
  • Trade with Muslims led to many West Africans becoming Muslims
  • Attack and new trade routes led to the decline of Ghana
• Mali- became a powerful kingdom after Ghana declined
  • King Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca
  • Had mosques built in Timbuktu (Mali’s capital)
    • Timbuktu became a center of Islamic learning
• Songhai revolted against Mali rule
  • Became the largest country in the history of West Africa
  • Built schools and encouraged trade with Europe and Asia
  • Laws based on the Quran
  • Defeated by Morocco in the late 1500s

 
Section 2- Early Exploration

• Europeans only knew about Europe, Asia, and Africa
  • Thought Atlantic and Pacific Oceans ran together (Ocean Sea) and didn’t realize how large the oceans were

 
Early Portuguese Voyages

• Prince Henry the Navigator set up a center for exploration
• Astronomers, geographers, and mathematicians helped Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders
• Traded for gold, ivory, and slaves in Africa (Gold Coast)
• Wanted to find a sea route around Africa for direct trade with India and China

 
Bartholomeu Dias

• Sent by the king of Portugal to southern Africa in 1487
• Went around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

 
Vasco da Gama

• Left Portugal in 1497
• Sailed around Africa and reached India in 1498

 
The Portuguese Empire

• Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil in 1500
  • Claimed the land for the king of Portugal
• Portuguese ships continued trips to India
  • Lisbon became a trading center

 
The Viking Voyages

• Reached Iceland and Greenland in the 800s and 900s
• Leif Eriksson explored Vinland (North America) around 1000
  • Most Europeans didn’t know about the Viking voyages

 
Christopher Columbus

• Wanted to reach Asia by sailing west
• Didn’t realize how big Earth was

 
Spain Backs Columbus

• Spain had been fighting Muslims in the 1400s
  • Defeated the Muslims in 1492
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to trade with Asia
  • Supported Christopher Columbus to spread Christianity and become wealthy

 
Columbus’s First Voyage

• Left Spain in August 1492
• Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
• Reached the Bahamas on October 12, 1492
  • Named the island San Salvador and claimed it for Spain
  • Believed he reached the East Indies near Asia
    • Called the people Indians (Indios)
• Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to finance future voyages

 
Columbus’s Later Voyages

• Voyages in 1493, 1498, and 1502
• Explored Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, coasts of Central America and northern South America
• Claimed land for Spain and established settlements
• Led to more Spanish exploration and a Spanish Empire in the Americas
• Columbus always thought he reached Asia

 
Dividing the World

• Pope Alexander VI drew a line of demarcation in 1493
  • Spain got everything to the west, Portugal got everything to the east
  • Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 moved the line west

 
Exploring America

• Amerigo Vespucci began mapping South America’s coastline in 1499
  • European geographers called the continent America
• Vasco Nuñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513

 
Sailing Around the World

• Spain sent Ferdinand Magellan to find a sea route around South America to Asia
• Magellan was killed in the Philippines, but his crew continued
  • First to circumnavigate the world

 
Section 3- Spain in America

• Conquistadors had the right to explore and establish settlements for Spain in the Americas
  • Searched for gold and gave one-fifth to the Spanish crown

Cortes Conquers the Aztec

• Cities conquered by the Aztec had been forced to pay tribute with crops, clothing, gold, and precious stones
• Cortes formed alliances with cities against the Aztec
• Cortes and his army marched to Tenochtitlan in 1519
  • Aztec emperor Montezuma welcomed them
    • Cortes took Montezuma prisoner
• Aztec fought the Spanish in 1520
  • Montezuma was killed
  • Spanish left Tenochtitlan
• Cortes returned with more troops in 1521
  • Destroyed Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Empire

 
Pizarro Conquers Peru

• Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca ruler Atahualpa in 1532
  • Atahualpa executed
  • Pizarro took control of the Inca Empire

 
Why Spain Succeeded

• Guns and cannons
• Horses
• Native allies
• Disease

 
Spain in North America

• Conquistadors searched southern North America for gold and silver
• Juan Ponce de Leon searched for the fountain of youth in Florida
  • Led to the first Spanish settlement in the US (St. Augustine) in 1565

 
The Seven Cities of Cibola

• Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca searched for the seven cities of gold in the Southwest in the 1530s
• Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River in 1541
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado searched for the Seven Cities of Cibola in Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Kansas

 
Spanish Rule

• Pueblos- towns that were centers of trade
• Missions- religious communities that included a small town, farmland, and a church
• Presidio- a fort that was usually built near a mission
• Juan de Oñate was sent to convert natives
  • Founded New Mexico in 1598
  • Introduced cattle and horses to the Pueblo people
• Social classes (most Spanish to least Spanish)
  • Peninsulares- born in Spain, owned land, served in the Catholic Church, ran the local government
  • Creoles- born in the Americas to Spanish parents
  • Mestizos- people with Spanish and Native American parents
  • Native Americans- lived in poverty
  • Africans- slaves
• Encomienda- system of rewarding conquistadors with tracts of land and the right to tax and demand labor from Native Americans who lived on the land
  • Native Americans became slaves, many died from disease

 
Bartolome de Las Casas- Spanish priest who worked for laws to protect Native Americans

• Led to the New Laws in 1542
  • Forbade Native American slavery
  • Not always enforced

 
The Plantation System

• Tobacco and sugarcane grown in the West Indies and sent to Spain
  • Native Americans worked the plantations
    • Las Casas suggested replacing them with African slaves
• Thousands of Africans came from West Africa to the Americas
  • Important part of the colonial economy

 
Section 4- Exploring North America
A Divided Church

• Martin Luther and others rejected the Catholic Church
  • Started their own churches (Protestant Reformation)

 
Protestantism Spreads in Europe

• Martin Luther- Germany
• John Calvin- France
• King Henry VIII- England

 
Religious Rivalries in the Americas

• Spanish and French worked to spread Catholicism in the Americas
  • Spanish in southern North America
  • French in the Northeast
• Dutch and English Protestants established colonies
  • English on the Atlantic coast between French and Spanish settlements

 
Economic Rivalry

• Mercantilism- the theory that a nation’s power depended on its wealth
  • Rulers wanted gold and silver
  • Increased rivalry between nations
    • Competed for colonies to get gold, silver, and raw materials
  • Colonies were markets for European products

 
The Colombian Exchange

• Crops, food, disease went from the Americas to Europe
• Colonists, animals, plants, disease went from Europe to the Americas
• Slaves went from Africa to the Americas

 
A Northwest Passage

• England, France, and the Netherlands searched for a water route though the Americas to Asia (Northwest Passage)
  • John Cabot sailed for England in 1497 and reached Newfoundland
  • Giovanni da Verrazano sailed for France from Nova Scotia to the Carolinas
  • Jacques Cartier sailed for France up the St. Lawrence River and reached Montreal

 
Hudson’s Discoveries

• Henry Hudson sailed for the Netherlands
• Discovered the Hudson River in 1609
• Later sailed for England and discovered Hudson Bay

 
French Open Trading Posts

• French were more interested in fishing and fur trading than settling North America
  • Made an agreement with Native Americans to trade fur
• Samuel de Champlain established the settlement of Quebec in 1608
  • French built trading posts in other parts of Canada

 
Dutch Settlements

• Dutch claims started with Hudson’s voyage
• Dutch West India Company set up a trading colony in 1621- New Netherland
  • Settled Fort Orange, Burlington Island, and Fort Nassau
  • Center of the colony was New Amsterdam (Manhattan)
    • Peter Minuit traded goods to the Manhates for the island