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Hicksville, NY
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Home
Graduation Celebration
About Us
Welcome
Mission Statement
Principal's Message
Registration
Contact Us
Programs
Afterschool Activities
Early Childhood
Extended Care
Sports
Resources
Nurse/Health Office
Photo Albums
Policies
Tomorrow's Hope Foundation
Parents
Parent Association
Information
Forms & Links
Volunteer Information
School Spirit
Resources
PowerSchool Parent Portal
Cafeteria
Forms/Documents
Wednesday Folder
Summer Reading Lists
Supply Lists
Directory
Who We Are
Administration
Faculty & Staff
Holy Family Parish
Diocese of Rockville
Education Department
Nassau Elementary Schools
Suffolk County Elementary Schools
Diocesan High Schools
Show All
Class Pages
Early Childhood
Nursery
Mrs. DeVito
Pre-K
Mrs. Buckley
Pre-K
Mrs. Fagan
Pre-K
Mrs. Tota
Kindergarten
Mrs. Scannell
Elementary
1st Grade
Ms. Lyons
2nd Grade
Mrs. Keenan
2nd Grade
Ms. Alessi
3rd Grade
Mrs. Schiraldi
4th Grade
Ms. Checkers
5th Grade
Mrs. Aceste & Mrs. Tennant
6th Grade
Ms. Murray & Mrs. Puzo
Middle School
7th Grade
8th Grade
Specials
Art
K to 6th Grade
Art 7th & 8th & Spanish
Computer Technology
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Physical Education
Guidance
Mrs. Calle
Photos & More!
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Social Studies Test
7th Grade
Thursday
,
September
26
,
2019
Chapter 2
Section 1- A Changing World
Western Europe was isolated after the fall of the Roman Empire
Islam spread across the Middle East and Africa
Europeans fought the Crusades to regain control of holy sites
Introduced Europeans to goods sold by Arab merchants (spices, sugar, silk, etc. from China and India)
Marco Polo brought back goods from China
Inspired Christopher Columbus
The Growth of Trade
Europeans wanted spices, perfumes, silks, and precious stones from the Orient
Italian cities became centers of trade
Arab merchants charged high prices
Europeans started looking for a different route to the East
The Growth of Ideas
Banking and trade made Italian merchants wealthy
They began studying classical works (ancient Greece and Rome)
Translated ancient writings
Experimental approach to science
The Renaissance- a period of intellectual and artistic creativity (rebirth)
Spread throughout much of Europe in the 1400s
Changed the way Europeans thought about themselves and the world
Led to an age of exploration and discovery
Powerful Nations Emerge
Strong monarchs came to power in Spain, Portugal, England, and France
Wanted to increase trade to make their countries stronger and wealthier
Technology- the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Better Maps
Early navigators had to use inaccurate maps
Mapmakers used information to make more accurate land and sea maps
Showed ocean currents and lines of latitude
Sailors also used the astrolabe to determine latitude
Magnetic compass was invented in China and reached Europe in the 1200s
Better Ships
Stern rudder and triangular sail taken from the Arabs
Portuguese developed the caravel in the 1400s
Sailed faster and carried more cargo and supplies
Portugal and Spain searched for sea routes to Asia
Portuguese sailors explored the west coast of Africa
African Kingdoms
Africa had gold, copper, and iron ore
Traded with Islamic societies
Ivory and metals for cotton, silk, and porcelain
Traded slaves and gold to the Portuguese
Ghana- west African trading empire from 400-1100
Trade with Muslims led to many West Africans becoming Muslims
Attack and new trade routes led to the decline of Ghana
Mali- became a powerful kingdom after Ghana declined
King Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca
Had mosques built in Timbuktu (Mali’s capital)
Timbuktu became a center of Islamic learning
Songhai revolted against Mali rule
Became the largest country in the history of West Africa
Built schools and encouraged trade with Europe and Asia
Laws based on the Quran
Defeated by Morocco in the late 1500s
Section 2- Early Exploration
Europeans only knew about Europe, Asia, and Africa
Thought Atlantic and Pacific Oceans ran together (Ocean Sea) and didn’t realize how large the oceans were
Early Portuguese Voyages
Prince Henry the Navigator set up a center for exploration
Astronomers, geographers, and mathematicians helped Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders
Traded for gold, ivory, and slaves in Africa (Gold Coast)
Wanted to find a sea route around Africa for direct trade with India and China
Bartholomeu Dias
Sent by the king of Portugal to southern Africa in 1487
Went around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
Vasco da Gama
Left Portugal in 1497
Sailed around Africa and reached India in 1498
The Portuguese Empire
Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil in 1500
Claimed the land for the king of Portugal
Portuguese ships continued trips to India
Lisbon became a trading center
The Viking Voyages
Reached Iceland and Greenland in the 800s and 900s
Leif Eriksson explored Vinland (North America) around 1000
Most Europeans didn’t know about the Viking voyages
Christopher Columbus
Wanted to reach Asia by sailing west
Didn’t realize how big Earth was
Spain Backs Columbus
Spain had been fighting Muslims in the 1400s
Defeated the Muslims in 1492
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to trade with Asia
Supported Christopher Columbus to spread Christianity and become wealthy
Columbus’s First Voyage
Left Spain in August 1492
Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
Reached the Bahamas on October 12, 1492
Named the island San Salvador and claimed it for Spain
Believed he reached the East Indies near Asia
Called the people Indians (Indios)
Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to finance future voyages
Columbus’s Later Voyages
Voyages in 1493, 1498, and 1502
Explored Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, coasts of Central America and northern South America
Claimed land for Spain and established settlements
Led to more Spanish exploration and a Spanish Empire in the Americas
Columbus always thought he reached Asia
Dividing the World
Pope Alexander VI drew a line of demarcation in 1493
Spain got everything to the west, Portugal got everything to the east
Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 moved the line west
Exploring America
Amerigo Vespucci began mapping South America’s coastline in 1499
European geographers called the continent America
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513
Sailing Around the World
Spain sent Ferdinand Magellan to find a sea route around South America to Asia
Magellan was killed in the Philippines, but his crew continued
First to circumnavigate the world
Section 3- Spain in America
Conquistadors had the right to explore and establish settlements for Spain in the Americas
Searched for gold and gave one-fifth to the Spanish crown
Cortes Conquers the Aztec
Cities conquered by the Aztec had been forced to pay tribute with crops, clothing, gold, and precious stones
Cortes formed alliances with cities against the Aztec
Cortes and his army marched to Tenochtitlan in 1519
Aztec emperor Montezuma welcomed them
Cortes took Montezuma prisoner
Aztec fought the Spanish in 1520
Montezuma was killed
Spanish left Tenochtitlan
Cortes returned with more troops in 1521
Destroyed Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Empire
Pizarro Conquers Peru
Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca ruler Atahualpa in 1532
Atahualpa executed
Pizarro took control of the Inca Empire
Why Spain Succeeded
Guns and cannons
Horses
Native allies
Disease
Spain in North America
Conquistadors searched southern North America for gold and silver
Juan Ponce de Leon searched for the fountain of youth in Florida
Led to the first Spanish settlement in the US (St. Augustine) in 1565
The Seven Cities of Cibola
Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca searched for the seven cities of gold in the Southwest in the 1530s
Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River in 1541
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado searched for the Seven Cities of Cibola in Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Kansas
Spanish Rule
Pueblos- towns that were centers of trade
Missions- religious communities that included a small town, farmland, and a church
Presidio- a fort that was usually built near a mission
Juan de Oñate was sent to convert natives
Founded New Mexico in 1598
Introduced cattle and horses to the Pueblo people
Social classes (most Spanish to least Spanish)
Peninsulares- born in Spain, owned land, served in the Catholic Church, ran the local government
Creoles- born in the Americas to Spanish parents
Mestizos- people with Spanish and Native American parents
Native Americans- lived in poverty
Africans- slaves
Encomienda- system of rewarding conquistadors with tracts of land and the right to tax and demand labor from Native Americans who lived on the land
Native Americans became slaves, many died from disease
Bartolome de Las Casas
- Spanish priest who worked for laws to protect Native Americans
Led to the New Laws in 1542
Forbade Native American slavery
Not always enforced
The Plantation System
Tobacco and sugarcane grown in the West Indies and sent to Spain
Native Americans worked the plantations
Las Casas suggested replacing them with African slaves
Thousands of Africans came from West Africa to the Americas
Important part of the colonial economy
Section 4- Exploring North America
A Divided Church
Martin Luther and others rejected the Catholic Church
Started their own churches (Protestant Reformation)
Protestantism Spreads in Europe
Martin Luther- Germany
John Calvin- France
King Henry VIII- England
Religious Rivalries in the Americas
Spanish and French worked to spread Catholicism in the Americas
Spanish in southern North America
French in the Northeast
Dutch and English Protestants established colonies
English on the Atlantic coast between French and Spanish settlements
Economic Rivalry
Mercantilism- the theory that a nation’s power depended on its wealth
Rulers wanted gold and silver
Increased rivalry between nations
Competed for colonies to get gold, silver, and raw materials
Colonies were markets for European products
The Colombian Exchange
Crops, food, disease went from the Americas to Europe
Colonists, animals, plants, disease went from Europe to the Americas
Slaves went from Africa to the Americas
A Northwest Passage
England, France, and the Netherlands searched for a water route though the Americas to Asia (Northwest Passage)
John Cabot sailed for England in 1497 and reached Newfoundland
Giovanni da Verrazano sailed for France from Nova Scotia to the Carolinas
Jacques Cartier sailed for France up the St. Lawrence River and reached Montreal
Hudson’s Discoveries
Henry Hudson sailed for the Netherlands
Discovered the Hudson River in 1609
Later sailed for England and discovered Hudson Bay
French Open Trading Posts
French were more interested in fishing and fur trading than settling North America
Made an agreement with Native Americans to trade fur
Samuel de Champlain established the settlement of Quebec in 1608
French built trading posts in other parts of Canada
Dutch Settlements
Dutch claims started with Hudson’s voyage
Dutch West India Company set up a trading colony in 1621- New Netherland
Settled Fort Orange, Burlington Island, and Fort Nassau
Center of the colony was New Amsterdam (Manhattan)
Peter Minuit traded goods to the Manhates for the island